bytes/buffer.go
Buffer提供了一个可扩展的字节缓冲区，底层是对[]byte进行封装，提供读写的功能。
结构体
type Buffer struct {buf []byte // contents are the bytes buf[off : len(buf)] 缓冲区off int // read at &buf[off], write at &buf[len(buf)] 读写的索引值，指针偏移量bootstrap [64]byte // memory to hold first slice; helps small buffers avoid allocation. 存储第一切片，避免小缓冲区分配lastRead readOp // last read operation, so that Unread* can work correctly.上次读的操作，用于UnReadRune等撤回到上次读操作之前的状态，所以记录最新一次的操作，自动扩容使用// FIXME: it would be advisable to align Buffer to cachelines to avoid false// sharing.
}
Buffer是一个可变大小的字节缓冲区，具有Read和Write方法。 Buffer的零值是一个可以使用的空缓冲区。
初始化
func NewBuffer(buf []byte) *Buffer { return &Buffer{buf: buf} }
根据buf初始化buffer缓冲区
func NewBufferString(s string) *Buffer {return &Buffer{buf: []byte(s)}
}
根据字符串初始化并返回buffer
readOp常量描述了对缓冲区执行的最后一个操作
type readOp int8// Don't use iota for these, as the values need to correspond with the
// names and comments, which is easier to see when being explicit.
const (opRead readOp = -1 // Any other read operation. 任何其他操作opInvalid readOp = 0 // Non-read operation. 没有读操作opReadRune1 readOp = 1 // Read rune of size 1. 读取大小为1的字符 （由于UTF-8字符可能包含1-4个字节）opReadRune2 readOp = 2 // Read rune of size 2. 读取大小为2的字符opReadRune3 readOp = 3 // Read rune of size 3. 读取大小为3的字符opReadRune4 readOp = 4 // Read rune of size 4. 读取大小为4的字符
)
func (b *Buffer) Bytes() []byte { return b.buf[b.off:] }
作用：用于获取未读部分的buffer数据
Bytes返回一个长度为b.Len()的片段，其中包含缓冲区的未读部分。
切片仅在下一次缓冲区修改之前有效（即，直到下一次调用Read，Write，Reset或Truncate之类的方法）。
func (b *Buffer) String() string {if b == nil {// Special case, useful in debugging.return "<nil>"}return string(b.buf[b.off:])
}
作用：返回缓冲区中未读部分的字符串形式
// empty returns whether the unread portion of the buffer is empty.
func (b *Buffer) empty() bool { return len(b.buf) <= b.off }
作用：返回缓冲区的未读部分是否为空
//Len returns the number of bytes of the unread portion of the buffer;
func (b *Buffer) Len() int { return len(b.buf) - b.off }
作用：返回缓冲区未读部分的字节数;
// Cap returns the capacity of the buffer's underlying byte slice, that is, the
// total space allocated for the buffer's data.
func (b *Buffer) Cap() int { return cap(b.buf) }
作用：返回缓冲区切片的容量，即为缓冲区数据分配的总空间。
// Truncate discards all but the first n unread bytes from the buffer
// but continues to use the same allocated storage.
// It panics if n is negative or greater than the length of the buffer.
func (b *Buffer) Truncate(n int) {if n == 0 {b.Reset()return}b.lastRead = opInvalidif n < 0 || n > b.Len() {panic("bytes.Buffer: truncation out of range")}b.buf = b.buf[:b.off+n]
}
作用：从缓冲区中丢弃除前n个未读字节以外的所有字节，但继续使用相同的已分配存储。(已读的数据不会删除)
如果n为负或大于缓冲区的长度，则会发生panic。
// Reset resets the buffer to be empty,
// but it retains the underlying storage for use by future writes.
// Reset is the same as Truncate(0).
func (b *Buffer) Reset() {b.buf = b.buf[:0]b.off = 0b.lastRead = opInvalid
}
重置操作
将缓冲区重置为空，但它会保留底层存储以供将来的写入使用。（清空数据，cap不变）
offset 偏移量置为0
lastRead置为未读取
// tryGrowByReslice is a inlineable version of grow for the fast-case where the
// internal buffer only needs to be resliced.
// It returns the index where bytes should be written and whether it succeeded.
//适用于内部缓冲区只需要复制的快速情况。
// 它返回开始写入字节的索引以及是否成功。
//判断现有的容量是否需要扩容 （ len(b.off)+n < c ）
func (b *Buffer) tryGrowByReslice(n int) (int, bool) {if l := len(b.buf); n <= cap(b.buf)-l {b.buf = b.buf[:l+n]return l, true}return 0,false
}
// grow grows the buffer to guarantee space for n more bytes.
// It returns the index where bytes should be written.
// If the buffer can't grow it will panic with ErrTooLarge.
func (b *Buffer) grow(n int) int {m := b.Len()// If buffer is empty, reset to recover space.if m == 0 && b.off != 0 {b.Reset()}// Try to grow by means of a reslice.if i, ok := b.tryGrowByReslice(n); ok {return i}// Check if we can make use of bootstrap array.if b.buf == nil && n <= len(b.bootstrap) {b.buf = b.bootstrap[:n]return 0}c := cap(b.buf)if n <= c/2-m {// We can slide things down instead of allocating a new// slice. We only need m+n <= c to slide, but// we instead let capacity get twice as large so we// don't spend all our time copying.copy(b.buf, b.buf[b.off:])} else if c > maxInt-c-n {//panic(ErrTooLarge)} else {// Not enough space anywhere, we need to allocate.buf := makeSlice(2*c + n)copy(buf, b.buf[b.off:])b.buf = buf}// Restore b.off and len(b.buf).b.off = 0b.buf = b.buf[:m+n]return m
}
作用：用于缓冲区扩展n个字节的长度。 它返回应写入字节的索引。
扩容规则如下：
1. len(n.buf) + n <= cap(b.buf) 直接返回 b.buf[:len(b.buf) + n]
2. b.buf == nil && n <= len(b.bootstrap) 直接返回 b.bootstrap[:n]
3. n + m <= c/2 (m为未读的长度，c是容量),则进行滑动 copy(b.buf, b.buf[b.off:]) ，将已读的部分移除
4. buf := makeSlice(2*c + n)，容量编程2*c + n，即时原来容量的2倍+n
// makeSlice allocates a slice of size n. If the allocation fails, it panics
// with ErrTooLarge.
func makeSlice(n int) []byte {// If the make fails, give a known error.defer func() {if recover() != nil {panic(ErrTooLarge)}}()return make([]byte, n)
}
分配一个切片大小为n的切片。
// Grow grows the buffer's capacity, if necessary, to guarantee space for
// another n bytes. After Grow(n), at least n bytes can be written to the
// buffer without another allocation.
// If n is negative, Grow will panic.
// If the buffer can't grow it will panic with ErrTooLarge.
func (b *Buffer) Grow(n int) {if n < 0 {panic("bytes.Buffer.Grow: negative count")}m := b.grow(n)b.buf = b.buf[:m]
}
如果需要，Grow会增加缓冲区的容量，以保证另外n个字节的空间。
调用grow()进行扩容
// Write appends the contents of p to the buffer, growing the buffer as
// needed. The return value n is the length of p; err is always nil. If the
// buffer becomes too large, Write will panic with ErrTooLarge.
func (b *Buffer) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {b.lastRead = opInvalid//ok是否需要扩容，m是开始写的位置索引m, ok := b.tryGrowByReslice(len(p))if !ok {//扩容，m是开始写的位置m = b.grow(len(p))}return copy(b.buf[m:], p), nil
}
作用：将切片p的内容写到buffer缓冲区
// WriteString appends the contents of s to the buffer, growing the buffer as
// needed. The return value n is the length of s; err is always nil. If the
// buffer becomes too large, WriteString will panic with ErrTooLarge.
func (b *Buffer) WriteString(s string) (n int, err error) {b.lastRead = opInvalidm, ok := b.tryGrowByReslice(len(s))if !ok {m = b.grow(len(s))}return copy(b.buf[m:], s), nil
}
作用：将字符串s写入到缓冲区buffer
// MinRead is the minimum slice size passed to a Read call by
// Buffer.ReadFrom. As long as the Buffer has at least MinRead bytes beyond
// what is required to hold the contents of r, ReadFrom will not grow the
// underlying buffer.
//MinRead是Buffer.ReadFrom传递给Read调用的最小切片大小。
// 只要Buffer至少具有保存r内容所需的MinRead字节，ReadFrom就不会增长底层缓冲区。
const MinRead = 512// ReadFrom reads data from r until EOF and appends it to the buffer, growing
// the buffer as needed. The return value n is the number of bytes read. Any
// error except io.EOF encountered during the read is also returned. If the
// buffer becomes too large, ReadFrom will panic with ErrTooLarge.
func (b *Buffer) ReadFrom(r io.Reader) (n int64, err error) {b.lastRead = opInvalidfor {i := b.grow(MinRead)m, e := r.Read(b.buf[i:cap(b.buf)])if m < 0 {panic(errNegativeRead)}b.buf = b.buf[:i+m]n += int64(m)if e == io.EOF {return n, nil // e is EOF, so return nil explicitly}if e != nil {return n, e}}
}
作用：ReadFrom从r读取数据直到EOF并将其附加到缓冲区，根据需要自动扩容缓冲区。返回值n是读取的字节数。 除了在读取期间遇到的io.EOF之外的任何错误也会被返回。如果缓冲区变得太大，ReadFrom可能会触发ErrTooLarge panic
// WriteTo writes data to w until the buffer is drained or an error occurs.
// The return value n is the number of bytes written; it always fits into an
// int, but it is int64 to match the io.WriterTo interface. Any error
// encountered during the write is also returned.
func (b *Buffer) WriteTo(w io.Writer) (n int64, err error) {b.lastRead = opInvalidif nBytes := b.Len(); nBytes > 0 {m, e := w.Write(b.buf[b.off:])if m > nBytes {panic("bytes.Buffer.WriteTo: invalid Write count")}b.off += mn = int64(m)if e != nil {return n, e}// all bytes should have been written, by definition of// Write method in io.Writerif m != nBytes {return n, io.ErrShortWrite}}// Buffer is now empty; reset.b.Reset()return n, nil
}
WriteTo方法将缓冲区的数据写入w，直到缓冲区耗尽或发生错误。返回值n是写入的字节数; 它总是适合int，但它是int64以匹配io.WriterTo接口。写入期间遇到的任何错误也会返回。
// WriteByte appends the byte c to the buffer, growing the buffer as needed.
// The returned error is always nil, but is included to match bufio.Writer's
// WriteByte. If the buffer becomes too large, WriteByte will panic with
// ErrTooLarge.
func (b *Buffer) WriteByte(c byte) error {b.lastRead = opInvalidm, ok := b.tryGrowByReslice(1)if !ok {m = b.grow(1)}b.buf[m] = creturn nil
}
WriteByte将字节c附加到缓冲区，根据需要自动扩容缓冲区。返回的错误总是为nil，如果缓冲区变得太大超过了ErrTooLarge会发生panic。
// WriteRune appends the UTF-8 encoding of Unicode code point r to the
// buffer, returning its length and an error, which is always nil but is
// included to match bufio.Writer's WriteRune. The buffer is grown as needed;
// if it becomes too large, WriteRune will panic with ErrTooLarge.
func (b *Buffer) WriteRune(r rune) (n int, err error) {//r为一个字节，则调用WriteByteif r < utf8.RuneSelf {b.WriteByte(byte(r))return 1, nil}//判断是否需要扩容，如果需要则进行扩容，r的最长字节数可能是utf8.UTFMax(即4个字节)b.lastRead = opInvalidm, ok := b.tryGrowByReslice(utf8.UTFMax)if !ok {m = b.grow(utf8.UTFMax)}//将r写入到缓冲区中n = utf8.EncodeRune(b.buf[m:m+utf8.UTFMax], r)b.buf = b.buf[:m+n]return n, nil
}
WriteRune将Unicode字符r的UTF-8编码附加到缓冲区，返回其长度和错误，
如果缓冲区变得太大超过了ErrTooLarge会发生panic。
// Read reads the next len(p) bytes from the buffer or until the buffer
// is drained. The return value n is the number of bytes read. If the
// buffer has no data to return, err is io.EOF (unless len(p) is zero);
// otherwise it is nil.
func (b *Buffer) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {b.lastRead = opInvalid//判断缓冲区内的数据是否为空if b.empty() {// Buffer is empty, reset to recover space.b.Reset()if len(p) == 0 {return 0, nil}return 0, io.EOF}//将缓冲区的数据cope到pn = copy(p, b.buf[b.off:])b.off += nif n > 0 {b.lastRead = opRead}return n, nil
}
作用：从缓冲区读取len(p) 字节到p切片中，如果缓冲区中剩余的元素个数小于len(p)则将缓冲区中剩余的元素读取到p切片中。 返回值n是读取的字节数。如果缓冲区中没有数据，则err为io.EOF（除非len（p）为零）; 否则它是nil。
// Next returns a slice containing the next n bytes from the buffer,
// advancing the buffer as if the bytes had been returned by Read.
// If there are fewer than n bytes in the buffer, Next returns the entire buffer.
// The slice is only valid until the next call to a read or write method.
func (b *Buffer) Next(n int) []byte {b.lastRead = opInvalid//获取缓冲区buffer中未读的长度mm := b.Len()if n > m {n = m}data := b.buf[b.off : b.off+n]b.off += nif n > 0 {b.lastRead = opRead}return data
}
Next用于获取缓冲区中接下来n个未读字节，并移动缓冲区的指针偏移量off，就好像Read读取数据一样。如果缓冲区中的字节少于n个，则Next返回整个缓冲区。 切片仅在下次调用read或write方法之前有效，Next也属于读操作，因为指针偏移量会增加
// ReadByte reads and returns the next byte from the buffer.
// If no byte is available, it returns error io.EOF.
func (b *Buffer) ReadByte() (byte, error) {//如果为空，则复位，返回io.EOFif b.empty() {// Buffer is empty, reset to recover space.b.Reset()return 0, io.EOF}//获取接下来一个未读字节，偏移量索引+1，标记上次读操作是opRead操作c := b.buf[b.off]b.off++b.lastRead = opReadreturn c, nil
}
读取缓冲区下一个未读字节，如果该缓冲区没有可读的字节，则复位缓冲区，返回io.EOF
// ReadRune reads and returns the next UTF-8-encoded
// Unicode code point from the buffer.
// If no bytes are available, the error returned is io.EOF.
// If the bytes are an erroneous UTF-8 encoding, it
// consumes one byte and returns U+FFFD, 1.
func (b *Buffer) ReadRune() (r rune, size int, err error) {//判断是否为空if b.empty() {// Buffer is empty, reset to recover space.b.Reset()return 0, 0, io.EOF}//如果未读的接下来一个字符是ASCII，c := b.buf[b.off]if c < utf8.RuneSelf {b.off++b.lastRead = opReadRune1return rune(c), 1, nil}//读取接下来一个utf-8字符，r是该字符，n是字符长度r, n := utf8.DecodeRune(b.buf[b.off:])b.off += nb.lastRead = readOp(n)return r, n, nil
}
读取一个utf-8字符，返回f该字符和字符的长度size
// UnreadRune unreads the last rune returned by ReadRune.
// If the most recent read or write operation on the buffer was
// not a successful ReadRune, UnreadRune returns an error. (In this regard
// it is stricter than UnreadByte, which will unread the last byte
// from any read operation.)
func (b *Buffer) UnreadRune() error {//如果上次操作不是ReadRune()，则返回错误if b.lastRead <= opInvalid {return errors.New("bytes.Buffer: UnreadRune: previous operation was not a successful ReadRune")}//偏移量off回到ReadRune之前的状态if b.off >= int(b.lastRead) {b.off -= int(b.lastRead)}b.lastRead = opInvalidreturn nil
}
UnreadRune方法用于撤回上次ReadRune操作的数据，如果上次操作不是ReadRune(),则返回错误
// UnreadByte unreads the last byte returned by the most recent successful
// read operation that read at least one byte. If a write has happened since
// the last read, if the last read returned an error, or if the read read zero
// bytes, UnreadByte returns an error.
func (b *Buffer) UnreadByte() error {if b.lastRead == opInvalid {return errors.New("bytes.Buffer: UnreadByte: previous operation was not a successful read")}b.lastRead = opInvalidif b.off > 0 {b.off--}return nil
}
UnreadByte方法用于撤销上次的ReadByte数据，如果上次不是ReadByte()则返回错误
// ReadBytes reads until the first occurrence of delim in the input,
// returning a slice containing the data up to and including the delimiter.
// If ReadBytes encounters an error before finding a delimiter,
// it returns the data read before the error and the error itself (often io.EOF).
// ReadBytes returns err != nil if and only if the returned data does not end in
// delim.
func (b *Buffer) ReadBytes(delim byte) (line []byte, err error) {slice, err := b.readSlice(delim)// return a copy of slice. The buffer's backing array may// be overwritten by later calls.line = append(line, slice...)return line, err
}
ReadBytes方法读取直到第一次出现delim字节，如果delim不在剩余的buffer中，则读完
// readSlice is like ReadBytes but returns a reference to internal buffer data.
func (b *Buffer) readSlice(delim byte) (line []byte, err error) {i := IndexByte(b.buf[b.off:], delim)end := b.off + i + 1if i < 0 {//len(b.buf)是缓冲区中数据的长度end = len(b.buf)err = io.EOF}line = b.buf[b.off:end]b.off = endb.lastRead = opReadreturn line, err
}
读取缓冲区剩余的数据，直到delim字节为止
如果delim字节找不到，将剩余所有的数据读完
和ReadBytes不同的是readSlice直接返回buffer数据的引用
// ReadString reads until the first occurrence of delim in the input,
// returning a string containing the data up to and including the delimiter.
// If ReadString encounters an error before finding a delimiter,
// it returns the data read before the error and the error itself (often io.EOF).
// ReadString returns err != nil if and only if the returned data does not end
// in delim.
func (b *Buffer) ReadString(delim byte) (line string, err error) {slice, err := b.readSlice(delim)return string(slice), err
}
ReadString方法和ReadBytes功能相似，只是返回字符串