考古学（Archaeology）
Definition: Archaeology, or archeology, is the study of human activity through the
recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists
of artifacts, architecture, biofacts (生物实例) or ecofacts (生态实例) and cultural
landscapes.
遗迹挖掘
- 遗迹: relics, remains, vestige, remnant
- 历史遗址: Historical sites,通常表示文物发现的地点。
挖掘: unearth和excavate (常用)
小常识: Modern excavation techniques require that the precise locations of objects
and features be recorded. Excavation of a site reveals its stratigraphy (地层) ;ifa
site was occupied by a succession of distinct cultures, artifacts from more recent
cultures will lie above those from more ancient cultures.
文物 cultural relics
也叫antique (文物，古董)，有时候听力文章也会用artifact (手工艺
品)
e.g. In addition to its sheer age, the artifact could provide insights about
how ancient Greek kingdoms were organized and administered.
手工艺品=>人类学，艺术学
- archaic:古代的，古色古香
- chronological :按年代顺序排列的
听力可能会介绍:
- 挖掘出来的文物所在的年代
- 推断文物年代的方法，最常用的是C14断代法
居住的人类
- 居住: inhabit e.g. some place is inhabited by someone
- 定居: settlement
- e.g. Catalhoyuk wasn't the first agricultural settlement in the near east, but it
- was pretty early, settled about 9000 years ago in the Neolithic period. ( TPO1)
- 居所: dwelling
- 居民: dwellerlinhabitant
- 当地人: indigenous
古代文明ancient civilization
- 玛雅文明
- 后代: descendant, offspring
人类学（Anthropology）
Definition: Anthropology is the scientific
study of humans and human behavior and societies in the past
and present
常和考古学联系在一起，讲通过遗址，考古学家分析发现的古代人类
的生活习俗，为什么要迁徙或者如何迁徙以及原因等等。
- 人类学家: anthropologist
- 古人类学家: paleoanthropologist,研究对象以古人类和古猿类的化石遗骸为主
- 器皿: utensil
- 部落:tribe
- 氏族: clan
旧石器时代Paleolithic age
石器时代的早期阶段，一般划定此时期为距今约260万年或250万年
(能人首次制造出石器)至1.2万年前(农业文明的出现)。 典型标志
是使用了借由敲打石头制成的石质工具。
中石器时代Mesolithic
开始于约一万年前的更新世末期，然后结束于农业的出现。
新石器时代Neolithic
pottery 陶器
石器时代的最后一一个阶段，人类开始出现文明。
agriculture 农业
cattle 牛